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Australia became a commonwealth of the British Empire in 1901. It was able to take advantage of its natural resources to rapidly develop its agricultural and manufacturing industries and to make a major contribution to the British effort in World Wars I and II. Long-term concerns include pollution, particularly depletion of the ozone layer, and management and conservation of coastal areas, especially the Great Barrier Reef. Australia joined the Commonwealth in 1931 and it's Capital City is Canberra. A referendum to change Australia's status, from a commonwealth headed by the British monarch to an independent republic, was defeated in 1999.